Pharmacology

Pharmacology studies how chemical substances interact with living systems to produce physiological effects. Historically, the discipline fragmented into pharmacokinetics (concentration over time), pharmacodynamics (effect versus concentration), and quantitative systems pharmacology (multi-scale networks), each developing its own language and traditions. We reconstruct these as one control-theoretic object, applying classical linear systems theory to compartmental models so that controllability, observability, and BIBO stability become universal properties built once and specialised at will, rather than rediscovered in each subdiscipline.